1. //fast input/ out
2. 
   
3. 
   long long int read_int(){
   char r;
   bool start=false,neg=false;
   long long int ret=0;
   while(true){
   r=getchar();
   if((r-'0'<0 || r-'0'>9) && r!='-' && !start){
   continue;
   }
   if((r-'0'<0 || r-'0'>9) && r!='-' && start){
   break;
   }
   if(start)ret*=10;
   start=true;
   if(r=='-')neg=true;
   else ret+=r-'0';
   }
   if(!neg)
   return ret;
   else
   return -ret;
   
   //LL int scan_lld()    {int ip=getchar_unlocked(),flag=1;lld ret=0;for(;ip<'0'||ip>'9';ip=getchar_unlocked())if(ip=='-'){flag=-1;ip=getchar_unlocked();break;}for(;ip>='0'&&ip<='9';ip=getchar_unlocked())ret=ret*10+ip-'0';return flag*ret;}
4. 
   
5. 
   
6. 
   

1. 
   

1. int scan_d() {int ip=getchar_unlocked(),ret=0,flag=1;for(;ip<'0'||ip>'9';ip=getchar_unlocked())if(ip=='-'){flag=-1;ip=getchar_unlocked();break;}for(;ip>='0'&&ip<='9';ip=getchar_unlocked())ret=ret*10+ip-'0';return flag*ret;}
2. ld scan_ld() {int ip=getchar_unlocked(),flag=1;ld ret=0;for(;ip<'0'||ip>'9';ip=getchar_unlocked())if(ip=='-'){flag=-1;ip=getchar_unlocked();break;}for(;ip>='0'&&ip<='9';ip=getchar_unlocked())ret=ret*10+ip-'0';return flag*ret;}
3. lld scan_lld() {int ip=getchar_unlocked(),flag=1;lld ret=0;for(;ip<'0'||ip>'9';ip=getchar_unlocked())if(ip=='-'){flag=-1;ip=getchar_unlocked();break;}for(;ip>='0'&&ip<='9';ip=getchar_unlocked())ret=ret*10+ip-'0';return flag*ret;}
4. llu scan_llu() {int ip=getchar_unlocked();llu ret=0;for(;ip<'0'||ip>'9';ip=getchar_unlocked());for(;ip>='0'&&ip<='9';ip=getchar_unlocked())ret=ret*10+ip-'0';return ret;}
6. //end of fast input
8. //fast output
10. //no line break
11. void print_d(int n) {if(n<0){n=-n;putchar_unlocked('-');}int i=10;char output_buffer[10];do{output_buffer[--i]=(n%10)+'0';n/=10;}while(n);do{putchar_unlocked(output_buffer[i]);}while(++i<10);}
12. void print_ld(ld n) {if(n<0){n=-n;putchar_unlocked('-');}int i=11;char output_buffer[11];do{output_buffer[--i]=(n%10)+'0';n/=10;}while(n);do{putchar_unlocked(output_buffer[i]);}while(++i<11);}
13. void print_lld(lld n) {if(n<0){n=-n;putchar_unlocked('-');}int i=21;char output_buffer[21];do{output_buffer[--i]=(n%10)+'0';n/=10;}while(n);do{putchar_unlocked(output_buffer[i]);}while(++i<21);}
14. void print_llu(llu n) {int i=21;char output_buffer[21];do{output_buffer[--i]=(n%10)+'0';n/=10;}while(n);do{putchar_unlocked(output_buffer[i]);}while(++i<21);}